Zika ascher biography of albert einstein

Abstract

Following the basic description of the immunological science, we may now go in more detail into the practical applications involving immunological prevention against infectious diseases (vaccine use, requiring availability of suitable antigenic preparations, safe and effective immunization schedules and time to allow for immunity to develop) and immunotherapy of dangerous infective conditions (serotherapy, involving availability of immune sera and their use for injection in subjects needing protection against infectious agents).

All this is discussed with special regard of the many new micro-organisms described in human pathology and also in situations in which the deliberate use of them for biological warfare or related menace (bioterrorism) is realized.

Keywords: Immunology, Virus, New infectious diseases, Bioterrorism

Vaccines and Sera

What is a vaccine? In a dangerous disease caused by micro-organisms and “foreign” not-self substances (an “antigen”), it may be possible to raise a vaccine, that is an innocuous preparation of that “antigen” which can induce the production of an immune response and create immune memory in the subjects we want to protect. A vaccine can be developed in many ways: killed (denatured) or non-replicating pathogens (viruses), recombinant protein antigens, live, attenuated (less harmful) strains of pathogens (for instance cowpox virus to protect against smallpox).

Vaccines can be very effective: cases of smallpox (extinction of the disease: no more cases on earth, for the success of global vaccine campaigns) and of polio (near extinction of disease, except in some nomadic populations and in critical areas of today’s world, like Syria and also, surprisingly, remote Chinese provinces) are very instructive on the subject.

What is a serum? If there is no time to confer protection by means of a vaccine (which, when available, requires at least 7–10 days before sufficient amounts of specific antibodies are synthesized by the

Newsletter Volume 13 - Issue 3

The Transplantation Society (TTS) along with the collaboration of its Affiliated Societies celebrates the contributions of basic science to the field of transplantation by recognizing the efforts of basic scientists who have advanced our understanding of transplant science/immunobiology and/or treatment of transplant recipients, and the young investigators who will be the future leaders in transplantation.

This award was made possible with the joint contribution of the Canadian Society of Transplantation (CST) and TTS.

Prospective Treatment and Novel Biomarkers of BK Polyomavirus Associated Nephropathy

Minal Borkar received Mentee-Mentor Award for her work “Prospective treatment and novel biomarkers of BK polyomavirus associated nephropathy”. This project gave significant piece of information about the mechanisms by which BK polyoma virus causes these changes eventually leading to graft loss and patient morbidity. It will also help in the identification of novel biomarkers of cell death and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition which will eventually lead to better diagnosis and prognosis of BK nephropathy. The more research on understanding the mechanism will help in establishing clinically proven effective antiviral treatment for BK PVAN.

Minal Borkar is a postdoctoral research fellow with Dr. Lee Anne Tibbles at University of Calgary since November She has received Canadian National Transplant Research Program (CNTRP) fellowship in and cleared another CNTRP- Alberta Transplant Institute Fellowship in Minal worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow in Spain and Scientist in Department of Medical Genetics at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, India. She is the recipient of various awards like Mentee-Mentor Award BSM Paris, AST-IDCOP Travel Award in American Transplant Congress , CNTRP Travel Award for World Transplant Congress and twice Nick Norgan award for the best paper of the Journal in and

These awards were made possible w

Other portraiture centred on family ranges from the celebratory to the commemorative including Pakistani-born Nassar Azam’s early double portrait of his mother and brother, and his tender Newborn, in which the mother is both present and hidden, to Austrian-born Georg Ehrlich’s moving commemorative bronze, Two Sisters (–45). Hungarian-born George Mayer-Marton’s The March of the Parents (), painted in the wake of the Hungarian Uprising, also references the fate of his parents, who both perished in the Holocaust.

Other works addressing aspects of war include Franco-Moldovan Grégoire Michonze’s record of Russian prisoners in Stalag Scene (–42), and Polish-born Felix Topolski’s scarf design depicting wartime London, commissioned by Czechoslovakian-Jewish émigré textile designer Zika Ascher (). Refugees depicted by Orovida and Eva Frankfurther record the consequences of war, while Ernst Eisenmayer’s Law and Order () is a disquieting suggestion of continuing violence and injustice in postwar multicultural Britain. 


Postwar landscapes, all devoid of human presence, include Hitler émigré Fred Uhlman’s fiery Welsh cottages, Chicago-born, former aerial navigator Alfred Cohen’s The View from Panton House (), Austrian printmaker Rudolf Hradil’s etching of London Bridge, and Lancelot Ribeiro’s collage-like painting of his hometown Bombay (now Mumbai). By contrast, Paul Jeffay’s bustling postwar street scene, set in the heart of Paris’ Jewish quarter, surely harks back to city life prior to the Second World War. 


Portrait sculptures include contrasting bronze portrait by two émigré contemporaries, Jacob Epstein and Dora Gordine: Epstein’s Romilly John () with his smooth, helmet-like hair and baby face contrast with the rugged, ageing Alb

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