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Political ideology within the socialist movement

This article is about the ideology within the socialist movement. For socialism emphasizing democracy sometimes described as social democracy, see Democratic socialism. For the policy regime in Northern Europe sometimes described as social democracy, see Nordic model. For the social welfare model in Western Europe, see Social market economy.

Social democracy is a social, economic, and political philosophy originating in socialism that supports political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach toward achieving social equality. In modern practice, social democracy has taken the form of predominantly capitalist economies, with the state regulating the economy in the form of welfare capitalism, economic interventionism, partial public ownership, a robust welfare state, policies promoting social justice, and a more equitable distribution of income.

Social democracy maintains a commitment to representative and participatory democracy. Common aims include curbing inequality, eliminating the oppression of underprivileged groups, eradicating poverty, and upholding universally accessible public services such as child care, education, elderly care, health care, and workers' compensation. Economically, it supports income redistribution and regulating the economy in the public interest.

Social democracy has a strong, long-standing connection with trade unions and the broader labour movement. It is supportive of measures to foster greater democratic decision-making in the economic sphere, including co-determination, collective bargaining rights for workers, and expanding ownership to employees and other stakeholders.

The history of social democracy stretches back to the 19th-century labour movement. Originally a catch-all term for socialists of varying tendencies, after the Russian Revolution, it came to refer to reformist socialists that are opposed to t

ATHENS, Greece (AP) — Greece set a series of landmarks Monday it hopes will shore up its battered economy following months of crisis that threatened its place in the euro.

Banks reopened after more than three weeks, and the cash-strapped country got enough money from European creditors to pay around 2 billion euros ($2.2 billion) it owed to the International Monetary Fund.

For most recession-weary Greeks, Monday was all about the price of goods in the shops as new tax rises demanded by creditors on everything from coffee to taxis took effect. And though the banks may have opened, strict limits on cash withdrawals remained.

For an economy reeling from the recent uncertainty over the country’s euro future, the continuing controls on capital and the tax rises aren’t going down too well.

Dimitris Chronis, who has been running a small kebab shop in central Athens for 20 years, says the new taxes could push his business over the edge especially when combined with higher business taxes and meat prices.

“I can’t put up my prices because I’ll have no customers at all,” said Chronis, who said sales have slid by around 80 percent since banking restrictions were imposed June 29. “We used to deliver to offices nearby but most of them have closed. People would order a lot and buy food for their colleagues on special occasions. That era is over.”

There are few parts of the Greek economy left untouched by the increase in sales taxes on many basic goods from 13 percent to 23 percent. They have been imposed on many basic goods, from cooking oils to condoms, through to popular services, such as eating out at restaurants and ferries to the Greek islands.

The tax rises formed part of a package of confidence-building measures the Greek government had to introduce for negotiations on a third bailout to begin.

In response to the latest austerity measures being passed by the Greek Parliament, the European Central Bank raised the amount of liquidity assistance on offer to Greek ba

PL

W artykule został przedstawiony związek między migracjami (z naciskiem na zagraniczne) a modernizacją. Autor poddał dyskusji zwłaszcza kwestie wpływu emigracji na procesy moder- nizacyjne w społeczeństwie, doświadczającym silnego odpływu ludności za granicę. Analiza tego oddziaływania została przeprowadzona z perspektywy długiego trwania (longue durée). W tym celu autor przedstawił koncepcję cyklu migracyjnego i ściśle z nią związaną koncepcję cyklu ludnościowego i dowiódł, że każde modernizujące się społeczeństwo doświadcza obu cykli. Na tej podstawie sformułował hipotezę, że odpływ ludności powoduje efekt rozgęszczenia, który jest niezbędny do sfinalizowania przemian modernizacyjnych. Artykuł zawiera szereg argumentów na rzecz tej hipotezy ale zarazem nie unika refleksji nad jej ograniczeniami.

EN

The paper describes the relationship between migration (with a focus on international migration) and modernisation. In particular, the author discusses the problem of emigration impacts on modernisation processes in a society undergoing significant population outflow. The analysis of these impacts has been carried out from the perspective of longue durée. The author puts forward the concepts of the migration cycle and its close relative, the population cycle. He argues that any modernising society undergoes both of these cycles. On the basis of the very nature of the migration cycle, the author hypothesises that out-migration has a crowding-out effect that is indispensible for the modernisation of society to be completed. The paper presents many arguments supporting this hypothesis, but it does not avoid reflection on its limitations.