Satoshi omura biography of albert einstein

It's Nobel Prize time again. We take a look at five things that are guaranteed to stop even the most brilliant researcher from taking home one of the world's most prestigious, and occasionally controversial, awards.

Most of us are in no danger of scoring a Nobel prize in this lifetime. But if you are in the running for science's best known award, just having a stellar career and publishing record isn't enough.

Plenty of Nobel-worthy scientists have missed out on a gong since the awards began in The "ladies-who-aren't-Curies" have had a famously rough time with only 18 wins for women out of a total of Laureates. (Marie Curie and her daughter account for three of those wins.)

But good old 20th Century-style sexism isn't the only hurdle for geniuses. If you're at the top of your game and want to up the odds of "Nobelling", here are some traps you definitely want to avoid.

1. Be the fourth best in your field

There's only room for three names in the winning envelope, so you really don't want to be the fourth in your class. Your reaction may not be as globally broadcast as Nicholas Cage's Oscar miss, but short of an outstanding discovery on another topic you just don't get a second bite at the Nobel cherry.

And even if everyone knows you're top-three material, you need the publications and citations to prove it. (Nothing predicts Nobel success like the citation index.)

So, make sure you get your name on every paper you contribute to. And that means having collaborators with a sense of fair play, which brings us to point two

2. Make a major discovery during your PhD

You'd think that an outstanding achievement as a graduate student would go in your favour, but at least two early-career researchers have been famously dudded, with their supervisors scoring the Nobel for work they carried out.

Astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell is

Alfred Nobel – the Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, held more than patents, and after whom the Nobel Prize is named – would have turned today. In his honor, we’re highlighting some of the breakthrough inventions and ideas that the Nobel Prize recognized for their capacity to advance human society.

Albert Einstein and Photoelectric Effect

Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, a process where a metal emits electrons when shined with light. Understanding the photoelectric effect eventually led to the invention of numerous technologies that have made our lives more convenient and entertaining, such as television cameras, electrical remotes, digital cameras, and so much more.

William Campbell, Satoshi Omura, and Youyou Tu develop therapies against roundworm parasite infections

Parasitic infections take a huge toll on international public health. But three scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine discovered medicines that have transformed treatment for diseases like malaria, river blindness, and filariasis. Specifically Dr. William Campbell and Dr. Satoshi Omura developed Avermectin, which has greatly reduced rates of filariasis and has almost eradicated river blindness, and Dr. Tu Youyou discovered Artemisinin, which is today a critical treatment for cases of malaria.

At IV, we’re also exploring ways to reduce the rates of parasitic infections such as malaria. We’ve developed a new malaria microscopy e-learning tool, built a low-cost and standalone optical diagnostic microscope, worked with experts to write a microscopy methods manual for malaria research, and continue to explore methods to zap parasite-bearing insects before they can inflict any damage.

Marie Curie and Radioactivity

Marie Curie was one of the most transformative scientists in history. In , she became the first woman to wi

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded Tuesday to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald for their groundbreaking work on subatomic particles known as neutrinos.

Both physicists were rewarded for their experiments which proved that neutrinos, the second most abundant subatomic particles in the universe, after photons, can change identities with the metamorphosis proof that the neutrons have mass.

The revelation has changed the way science views the most intricate aspects of matter and the broader understanding of the universe, with the pairs' contribution perfectly aligned with the categories' parameters concerned with "changes in identity among some of the most abundant inhabitants in the university," according to a statement made by the awarding committee.

Kajita, in the late s hypothesized and presented the fact that neutrinos from the atmosphere switch between two identities on their way to the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan. The detector is a special constructed neutrino observatory located under Mount Kamioka near the city of Hida, in Gifu Prefecture in central Japan.

The observatory was designed specifically to search for proton decay, study solar and atmospheric neutrinos, and keep watch for supernovae in the Milky Way Galaxy, among other functions, according to the observatory's operators.

Meanwhile, Arthur McDonald's team proved that neutrinos from the Sun were not disappearing on their way to Earth, but rather had transformed when arriving to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, located more than 2, meters below the earth surface in Vale Inco's Creighton Mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

The revolutionary findings on neutrino oscillations had laid to rest decades of bemusement on the subject within the physics community, with the two experiments in tandem proving that, in fact, the neutrinos had changed identities and were not massless, as had been the predominant understanding since the s.

The scientific community has been particularly excit