E g ravenstein biography for kids

Migration is often seen as a complex phenomenon. Many e.g, Everett Lee 1966, Todaro 1969, and Massey 1993) tried to theorise migration patterns, how people move, and why people move. In 1885 George Ernst Ravenstein, born in Frankfurt Germany, formulated laws of migration based on the observations he made in the UK and Europe.

1. Most migrations are short distanced.
   

2. There is a process of absorption, where a batch of people moving out from one area is replaced by another coming in.
3. There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption.
4. Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.
5. Long-distance migrants usually go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.
6. Urban dwellers are less migratory than those from rural areas.
7. Females are more migratory than males in their local area but males migrate longer distances more.

Other Additions:

1. Economic factors influence migration
2. Migration occurs in Steps, i.e there’s no one big leap from e.g village to capital city, rather there’s a gradual(step) movement; from village to town, then to the city and then to the metropolitan city and so on.
   

3. The economically active group from 20 to 34 migrate more.

Applicability and Criticism of Ravenstein’s laws (Strength & Weaknesses)

Ravenstein’s laws still has some significance in the modern world.

For example, most migrations are for economical reasons, e.g job seeking and high wage rate.

Rural dwellers are still more migratory than urban settlers and economically active adults between the age of 20 and 35 migrate more.

Short distance migrations are are still common, e.g Mexico to USA, N. Africa to Europe, Middle East to Europe & Zimbabwe to South Africa.

Most people from less developed countries seeking employment in the West follow a step migration.

They don’t take a big leap to the west. Instead they settle in

Ernst Georg Ravenstein (December 30, 1834 - March 13, 1913), also known as Ernest George was a German-English cartographer and geographer. Born in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, Ravenstein was the son of the German cartographer and publisher Friedrich August Ravenstein (1809 - 1881), founder of Ravenstein's Geographische Verlagsanstalt (1830 - 2001). Likely fleeing political instability in Germany, he emigrated to England in 1851 or 1852. Upon arrival he immediately became a pupil of Dr. August Heinrich Petermann, also a German exile in England. He subsequently became a naturalized British subject and worked in the topographical-statistical office of the British War Office from 1855 until 1875. He was a member of the Royal Statistical Society and the Royal Geographical Society, and held the position of Professor of Geography at Bedford College from 1882 - 1883. In 1902, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him the first Victoria Gold Medal. Ravenstien is best known for his groundbreaking 'Rules of Migration' a detailed study of human movement. After nearly 60 years abroad, Ravenstein returned to Germany, where he died on March 13, 1913 in Hofheim, just outside his native Frankfurt. Throughout Ernst's time in England, his younger brother Ludwig Ravenstein (1838 - 1915), ran the family business in Frankfurt.

Ernst Georg Ravenstein (Ernest George) FRSGS (30 December 1834 – 13 March 1913) was a German-English geographer and cartographer. As a geographer he was less of a traveller than a researcher; his studies led mainly in the direction of cartography and the history of geography.

Ravenstein was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, to a family of cartographers. He spent most of his adult life in England in a house at Lorn Road, Lambeth, but he died in Germany, his country of birth, on 13 March 1913.

Work on geography

When he was 18 years old he became a pupil of Dr. August Heinrich Petermann. After moving to England, Ravenstein became a naturalisedBritish Subject and was in the service of the Topographical Department of the British War Office for 20 years, from 1855 to 1875. A long-serving member of the councils of the Royal Statistical and Royal Geographical Societies, he was also Professor of Geography at Bedford College in 1882–83. He was the first to receive the Victoria gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society (1902) for "his efforts during 40 years to introduce scientific methods into the cartography of the United Kingdom".

His geographical statistics and projections were respected and used as a basis for official planning at the time.

Printed works

His Systematic Atlas (1884) put into practice many of his ideas about methods of teaching cartography. The Philips's World Atlas was published with Ravenstein's plates and statistics for several decades. His Map of Equatorial Africa (1884) was the most notable map of a large part of the continent on a large scale that had been made up to that time, and he immediately developed it as new discoveries were made in Central and Eastern Africa.

Ravenstein also published:

• Vasco da Gama's First Voyage (1898)
• The Russians on the Amur (1861) (Full text can be found on Google Books).
• Handy Volume Atlas (1895; seventh edition, 1907)
• Marti