Victor paz estenssoro biography of abraham lincoln

Field, Thomas C.. "Bibliography". From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017, pp. 243-262. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801470455-014

Field, T. (2017). Bibliography. In From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era (pp. 243-262). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801470455-014

Field, T. 2017. Bibliography. From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 243-262. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801470455-014

Field, Thomas C.. "Bibliography" In From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era, 243-262. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801470455-014

Field T. Bibliography. In: From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 2017. p.243-262. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801470455-014

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It was the hostile area bordering the Chaco that Che selected for his guerrilla foco base. The countryside has rolling hills with deep, densely wooded, thorn infested ravines (canyons or gullies) that generally run north - south. In the center of the area, the Ñancahuazú River twists its way through a steep canyon where smaller streams and gullies branch off the main river. Narrow riverbanks sporadically disappear into the canyon walls. The canyon sides are covered with thickets of reeds, trees, vines, and cacti. Hilltops are largely barren with small trees and scrub vegetation. Paths are limited, and cutting a trail with a machete is often necessary.13

The area around the Ñancahuazú River is sparsely populated with small towns and villages. There are few roads. The population is a mix of people, primarily lowland Guaraní Indians and poor mestizos who migrated for cheap land. This area had been part of a government land reform program giving ten-hectare homesteads (about 25 acres) to about 16,000 families.14 People cluster in small, isolated communities to eke out a living by farming, cattle ranching, or working on government oil and public works projects. The major transportation artery is the Santa Cruz - Cochabamba highway that connects the area to the Altiplano.

History

The history of Bolivia in the 1960s reflects its pre-Columbian and Spanish colonial heritage. The Indian groups eventually formed two “great” kingdoms, the Aymara and the Inca (Quechua).15 The Spanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro began in 1526. During 300 years of colonial rule, Spain imposed its political and social institutions on a predominantly extractive economy that concentrated on mineral exports – first silver, and then tin – using Indian forced labor. After a hard struggle to gain independence in 1825, Bolivia’s history was marked with political and territorial insecurity. The one constant during the 18th and 19

2. Memorandum from Schlesinger to Kennedy, March 31

SUBJECT

Bolivia has, of course, been in a chronic state of mild crisis since at least 1943. There is reason to believe now, however, that it may be today on the brink of a serious political convulsion, and that the convulsion may lead to a Communist take-over. Because crisis is endemic in Bolivia and because Cuba, Brazil and Venezuela have been obvious claimants for priority attention, the Bolivian situation has probably not received full consideration in Washington. Ambassador Strom requested on February 24 that he be recalled to Washington for consultation. I agree with Ambassador Strom that a top-level review of our Bolivian policy is imperative.

I. Why the Crisis?

The immediate crisis is posed by the fact that the government apparently does not have the ready cash to meet the March 1 payrolls in the railroads and mines. If the workers are not paid, they will very likely go on strike, thereby paralyzing the economy. The government will be greatly tempted to turn to the printing-presses in order to meet its wage bills. This will mean a resumption of inflation. At the same time, the physical stock of the railroads has been deteriorating for some time; so that even without a strike, the railroad system is on the verge of collapse. The breakdown of the railroads would aggravate the inflation by leading to hoarding and speculation in foodstuffs. A further incentive toward inflation is the desire to relieve the heavy burden of internal debt. As troubles multiply, President Paz Estenssoro would probably resign, turning the government over to his Vice President, the left-wing opportunist Juan Lechin. With Lechin in control, Bolivia might well go the way of Cuba.

The long-term crisis is caused by (a) Bolivia’s continuing economic stagnation and (b) the rise of Communist activity in the last two years and the penetration of the formerly anti-Communist governing party, the MN