Inventos de herman hollerith tabulating

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    • Tabuladora

    La tabuladora va ser una de les primeres màquines d'aplicació pràctica en el món de la informàtica.

    El 1890 Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929) havia desenvolupat un sistema electromecànic de targetes perforades basat en la lògica de Boole, aplicant-lo a una màquina tabuladora de la seva invenció. La màquina de Hollerith es va usar per tabular el cens dels Estats Units d'aquell any, el procés total va durar no més de dos anys i mig. Així, el 1896, Hollerith crea la Tabulating Machine Company, amb la qual pretenia comercialitzar la seva màquina. La fusió d'aquesta empresa amb altres dues, va donar lloc, el 1924, a la International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

    Context històric

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    L'any 1790 es va realitzar el primer cens dels Estats Units. Les autoritats van poder disposar dels resultats en un temps raonable inferior als 9 mesos, però l'any 1860 el país havia canviat i la població s'havia multiplicat pràcticament per 10, fet que va suposar un problema pel nivell de la tecnologia present.

    El cens de 1880 ja va tardar 7 anys en completar-se: la realització del cens començava a tornar-se impracticable. Amb intencions de posar fi a aquestes dificultats, el Departament Estatal de Cens va convocar un concurs el 1889 per aconseguir trobar nous equipaments per realitzar el cens de l'any següent. La màquina tabuladora de Herman Hollerith va ser la guanyadora, i gràcies al seu ús, el govern va poder disposar de les seves dades del cens en només 2 anys.

    Orígens de la màquina

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    L'origen de la màquina tabuladora es remunta al 1879, any en què Hollerith –amb 19 anys i recentment graduat a la Columbia School of Mines– va entrar a treballar a l'Oficina de Cens. Allà va tenir ocasió de treballar en la realització del cens de 1880, fet que li va permetre comprovar de primera mà la ineficiència del mètode utilitzat per a la recollida de dades totalment manual en aquell moment.

    Durant la seva feina al ce

    Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC)

    • Invented by Blaise Pascal, this arithmetic machine could perform addition and subtraction operations as well as multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction.
    • Invented by Leibniz, this "wheel" is regarded as "the first true four-function calculator".
    • Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard, it was actually a fabric loom which was controlled by a "chain of cards".
    • Invented by Charles Babbage, it was an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
    • Invented by Herman Hollerith, this electromechanical machine was a precursor of the modern computer, as it could automatically read, tally and sort data stored on punched cards.
    • The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was one of the earliest general-purpose electromechanical computers used in the war effort during the last part of World War II. Harvard Mark I was folowed by three more advanced computing machines (Mark II - IV).
    • Invented by Konrad Zuse, it was the first freely programmable computer in the world that used Boolean logic and binary floating-point numbers.
    • Invented by John V. Atanasoff, it was the first automatic electronic digital computer.
    • Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. It's the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer.
    • Invented by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, it was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer

    • First generation

      The first generation is characterized by the emergence of costly commercial computers.

    • Second generation

      In second-generation computers, vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.

    • Third generation

      The third generation is characterized by the invention of the integrated circuit and the chip.

    • Fourth generat

    Pascaline, the arithmetic machine

    • In the 17th century (between 1642 and 1644) , the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, the first calculator to be actually used. That arithmetic machine, Pascaline, could only calculate addition and subtraction operations.
    • The Leibniz Drum, know as " The Leibniz Wheel", is a four-function calculator that was invented in 1671 by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
    • The Difference Engine was an automatic mechanical calculator, created by Charles Babbage in 1803, that could calculate complex arithmetical operations, like polynomial equations.
    • The Jacquard Loom, a machine that was actually a fabric loom and used storage and programming, was created by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804.
    • The Analytical Engine, one of the most successful achievements of Charles Babbage created in 1837, was a machine which had a lot of similarities with the modern computers.
    • The elecromechanical tabulating machine was invented by tha American Herman Hollerith in 1890. This machine is the "progenitor" of the modern computers, because it could read, calculate, sort data stored on punched cards automatically.
    • The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed and built from 1936 to 1938 by the German computer pioneer, mathematician and engineer Konrad Zuse. It was the first programmable computer that used Boolean logic and binary numbers.
    • The Mark I computer was built at the Harvard University with the directions of Howard Aiken. It was a big electromechanical computer that gave important calculations during the Second World War.
    • The ABC, Atanasoff Berry Computer, was the first automatic electronic digital computer created by the mathematician and physicist John Vincent Atanasoff with the help of a graduate student, Clifford Berry in 1939. It was designed only to solve systems of linear equations.
    • Colossus, the set of compute

    Tabuladora

    A máquina tabuladora é uma das primeiras máquinas de aplicativo em informática (dispositivo computacional).

    Em 1890, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) tinha desenvolvido um sistema de cartões perfurados eléctricas e baseado na lógica de Boole, aplicando a uma máquina tabuladora de sua invenção. A máquina de Hollerith usou-se para tabular o censo daquele ano nos Estados Unidos, em um processo total que não durou mais de dois anos e meio. A máquina tinha um leitor de cartões, um contador, um classificador e uma tabulação. Em 1896, Hollerith cria a Tabulating Machine Company, com a que pretendia comercializar a sua máquina. A fusão desta empresa com outras três (International Time Recording Company, a Computing Scale Corporation, e a Bundy Manufacturing Company), deu lugar, em 1924, à International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

    História

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    O censo de 1880 nos Estados Unido necessitou de sete anos para recolha e análise da informação. Segundo as projecções de aumento populacional, o censo de 1890 implicaria mais de 10 anos de tabulação e cálculo manual. Assim, Hollerith começou a trabalhar no desenho de uma máquina tabuladora ou censadora que permitisse reduzir o tempo de análise de dados, procurando mecanizar a tabulação manual.

    Hollerith observou que a maior parte das perguntas contidas nos censos se podiam contestar com opções binárias: SIM ou NÃO, aberto ou fechado. Então criou um cartão perfurado, uma cartulina composta por 80 colunas com 2 posições, com a qual se contestava este tipo de perguntas.

    Esta noção de programação binária tinha sido usada já em 1801 pelo inventor francês Joseph Marie Jacquard, que tinha conseguido automatizar um tear, conhecido como o tear de Jacquard, mediante o uso de cartões perfurados que aplicavam o conceito de código binário publicado em 1623 pelo filósofo Francis Bacon em seu De Augmentis Scientarum. Um sistema semelhante tinha também sido proposto pelo cientista e inve